![]() Gaines “The Future of Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Charting a Sustainable Course.” 2014 Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 1–2:2–7ĭepartment Materials Engineering of KU Leuven, Belgiumīart Blanpain ( full professor, co-director for the I/UCRC ‘Center for Resource Recovery and Recycling’, co-editor-in-chief for the Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy) ( full professor, co-director for the I/UCRC ‘Center for Resource Recovery and Recycling’, co-editor-in-chief for the Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy) Life Cycle Assessment October 2011,” (Report,, 2011). ![]() Canaguier, “Elaboration Selon les Principes ses ACV Des Bilans Energetiques, des Emissions de Gas à Effet de Serre et des Autres Impacts Environnement aux Induits par l’Ensemble des Filières de Véhicules lectriques et de Véhicules Thermiques, VP de Segment B (Citadine Polyvalente) et Vue à l’Horizon 2012 et 2020,” (Report, Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maitrise de l’Energie,, 2014). Gallagher, “Material and Energy Flows in the Production of Cathode and Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries” (Report ANL/ESD/-14/10 Rev., Argonne National Laboratory, 2015). ![]() Wang, “Material and Energy Flows in the Materials Production, Assembly, and End-of-Life Stages of the Automotive LithiumIon Battery Life Cycle” (Report ANL/ESD/12–3 Rev., Argonne National Laboratory, 2014). Gallagher, “The Significance of Li-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicle Life-Cycle Energy and Emissions and Recycling’s Role in it’s Reduction,” Energy and Environmental Science, 8 (2015), 158–168. Wang, “Impact of Recycling on Cradle-to-Gate Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Environmental Science and Technology, 46 (2012), 12704–12710. “Green Cars Have a Dirty Little Secret.” Wall St. Recycling can further mitigate battery life-cycle impacts, while also being economically attractive for all cathode materials, even those with low elemental values. For at-capacity plants, the battery materials dominate energy impacts, with cathode materials representing 10–50% of that energy, depending on cathode type. low-throughput facilities), but not for at-capacity plants, and battery electric vehicles with batteries from either facility type outperform conventional vehicles in terms of lowering GHG emissions. The battery assembly stage, identified by some as an energy concern, is determined to be problematic only for “pioneer” plants (i.e. This detailed life cycle analysis (LCA) examines these issues and identifies potential hot-spots within the battery pack life cycle for five cathode materials and a proposed lithium metal anode. ![]() Some have raised concerns regarding the contribution of lithium-ion battery pack production to the total electric vehicle energy and emissions profile versus internal combustion vehicles, and about potential battery end-of-life issues. ![]()
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